Welcome back to Foxcroft.com Blog, this is the second part of the blog that was posted on 5/20/11.

      The cell electrodes are connected to the amplifier section of the electronics, where the low level amperage is boosted and ranged to a usable signal. Specifically, 0 to 5 volts DC. The 0 to 5 VDC is then input to and isolation amplifier, which provides electrical isolation and an electrical safety barrier. The 0 to 5 VDC output of the isolation amplifier is then doubled to 0 to 10 VDC, which is used in the final 3 output stages of the circuit. These are the LED display, the alarm circuit and the 4-20 milliamp DC output signal. The amplifier board is powered by a dual bi-polar regulated DC power supply, which provides two sets of +12 and -12 volts. The LED display provides an instantaneous numerical reading of the chlorine residual in parts per million.The alarm circuit provides two user adjustable alarm level settings that activate two relay outputs, which can be used to control external devices or alarm annunciators. The FX-1000p amperometeric chlorine analyzer has been design with process control applications in mind, and as such, is an excellent choice for use in process control of chlorine residuals in freshwater, wastewater, salt water and food processing.

      Amplifier board calibration is done at the factory, with a default range of: 0 to 5 ppm. The unit can easily be re-ranged in the field. The analyzer can be ranged anywhere from a low of 0 to 0.5 ppm to a high of 0 to 60 ppm. On-site standardization (chlorine residual calibration) is done when the unit is commissioned, and thereafter needed or desired, using an accurate chlorine residual titrator (or test kit), and chlorinated and non-chlorinated sample of the process waters being analyzed.

     If you would like more information or a quote please click on the following link:

     Foxcroft Equipment & Service Company's Amperometric Chlorine Analyzer's residual reading is determined by measuring the amperage produced by oxidized chlorine in the measuring cell. The amperage level is directly proportional to the level of free chlorine available in the sample stream. When reading total chlorine, the unit is actually reading converted free iodine from potassium iodine that is added to the cell for Total Chlorine readings.

     The cell itself is constructed such that the sample that runs through it does so at a continuous and fixed rate. Any additional flow is allowed to overflow to waste from a drain below the overflow weir. The sample stream runs down though the lower block, where it mixes with vinegar (and Potassium iodide where Total Chlorine is being analyzed), and then flows upward into the measuring cell. Within the cell, the vinegar provides pH buffering to a value of 4.0, and aids in keeping the cell clean. If Potassium Iodide is being used to read Total Chlorine, it chemically converts any free and combined chlorine residuals into free iodine, which is then read as a total chlorine reading. The cell utilizes a mixer and 150 pvc balls to ensure even chemical mix, clean the electrode and consistent readings. Very pure grades of gold and copper are used in the construction of the electrodes to enhance signal strength. Sample flow leaves the cell from the top and runs out a secondary drain to waste.

See part II to follow

Written by: Gavin McCulloch

At times we see sensor specifications in plant upgrade or new treatment plant projects that don't appear to suit the particular application in the most cost effective manner.

Usually we see a pH sensor specified for potable water treatment with characteristics that far exceed the requirements of the process fluid. The sensor will work satisfactorily, but it costs much more than it should.

For one project a non-contacting torroidal conductivity sensor was specified for a non-corrosive surface water application with low conductivity, about 500uS.

There were several problems with this:

1. As conductivity goes down, the uncertainty of the measurement for inductive type torroidal conductivity sensors goes up significantly.

2. Inductive sensors are primarily a good choice for cases where there are very corrosive acids, bases or electrolytes that would otherwise quickly degrade the metal electrodes on a contacting conductivity sensor.

3. Inductive sensors are an excellent choice to measure VERY high conductivity samples.

4. Inductive sensors are a good choice to avoid fouling, bubble formation in the measuring cell, or the accumulation of debris.
   

None of these conditions applied to the application.

Providing more than is expected or paid for is a good thing for customers. Paying more for something that's not needed is not so good. Paying double for decreased accuracy and unneeded features, as in this case, just can't happen for municipalities with tight or shrinking budgets and for all of us who live in those municipalities.

For this project we proposed a contacting conductivity sensor with a cell constant and range appropriate for the application. The sensor design we offered, shown below, features a CPVC insulator for typical water treatment plant chemical resistance, 316 SS electrodes, double O-rings,and provides little if any potential for debris build up.

 

Reducing sensor cost isn't achieved by reducing price or quality, it's achieved by selecting a sensor with appropriate characteristics. The benefit my be seen through better process control, less frequent cleaning, less frequent calibration, longer sensor life, or a lower purchase price.

For some applications, like fluoride resistant pH measurement, you may initially pay more than you would for a "competitive" sensor. But, you can actually lower your cost with our HF and acid resistant pH sensor by obtaining accurate measurements, replacing the sensor less frequently, and by surviving infrequent process upsets that wipe out most sensors when the pH drops dramatically.

Our sensor mentioned above does not contain antimony, extra thick or coated standard pH glass. Rather, it features a specially engineered pH glass, actually a glass like material, for fluoride resistance and a reference junction engineered to function in acid. It not only resists deposits on the glass surface, it can survive acid service and cleaning. Since this is now a "standard" sensor, you get a high performance sensor without a "custom engineered" price.

In many applications you may lower operating cost by simply matching sensor components to suit your process instead of using a "one size fits all" approach that may actually be over or under engineered for your particular type of water.

A customer monitoring wastewater for low pH influent with a lowest cost general purpose probe can dramatically increase sensor life with a sulfide resistant submersible pH sensor.

It's important to note that not all sensors are designed, or, "created" equal. Many of the sensors used in our instruments were designed specifically, and rigorously field tested, to overcome longstanding difficulties in process measurement while providing accuracy and repeatability. Some of these sensors have no design or functional equivalent anywhere in the market.

The take away from this is to check that the sensor being offered to you is actually suitable and optimal for your process. Among many questions you should consider:

• Is it accurate in the range required?

• Does the sensor body material's chemical compatibility, pressure and thermal resistance match the process fluid?

• Can the sensor withstand the process fluid, and perhaps more importantly, the chemicals and physical force needed to clean it? Even though your wastewater may have a mid-range pH, your pH sensor may need to withstand acid cleaning of scale buildup. In some cases we recommend using a 15% HCL solution because 5% dilute HCL solution is insufficient.

• Does the reference junction and or ion selective membrane have the design and chemistry suitable for the application?

• Can a sensor with an external preamplifer provide equal performance than a more costly sensor with an integral preamplifier? With this approach you buy the preamplifier one time instead of with every replacement sensor.

Before making your next sensor purchase, don't automatically settle for what is offered, you may be able to get better process performance while helping your staff's workload and budget.

 

 

 

 

 

A recently published article reported the Center for Disease Control found that two adults from different households in Louisiana died from primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) after using their household tap water in neti pots to irrigate and clean their sinuses.

PAM is an infection with a fatality rate of over 99% caused by the amoeba Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri), often referred to as brain eating amoeba. The median time from the onset of symptoms to death is 5 days.

According to the CDC report the organism has been found in freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, hot springs, thermally polluted water, warm groundwater, inadequately treated swimming pools, sewage and soil. Although extremely rare, PAM is typically contracted when water containing N. fowleri enters the nose while swimming in warm freshwater lakes and rivers.

Although most cases have occurred in the south, the range of cases has expanded northward with cases reported in Minnesota, Kansas, and Virginia.

The CDC report on the Louisiana cases stated that the municipal water was treated with monochloramine, and that cultures developed from samples from the distribution system and point of entry of municipal water into the two residences returned negative results for N. fowleri.  The organism was found in tap water and neti pot samples in both homes.

While reading this I thought of all the outcry to eliminate the use of chlorine in drinking water; and the communities that are fighting proposals to safeguard public health by chlorinating their water.

Waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery have been virtually eliminated where water is treated with chlorine. The World Health Organization estimated in 2008 that over 4,000 people die each day from diarrhoeal diseases caused by contaminated water and lack of sanitation. Most of them are children under the age of 5 in developing countries.

The proven benefits of chlorination far outweigh any perceived benefits that can possibly be gained by avoiding, reducing or eliminating the use of free chlorine to disinfect drinking water. It's mind boggling that anyone would prefer to expose their families to the possibility of contracting a waterborne disease common in some developing countries or a rare infection such as PAM that can kill within 5 days.

Chlorine also provides residual protection from microorganisms beyond the point of treatment, in your home plumbing for example, something that ultraviolet and ozone treatment cannot. 

The samples taken from the kitchen and bathroom faucets of one of the Louisiana cases, (the other wasn't tested), were found to contain a total chlorine residual that ranged from 0.0 to 0.02 mg/l . The expected residual in the distribution system is 0.2 to 4 mg/l.

These cases highlight the importance of the annual temporary switchover to free chlorine disinfection employed by many water systems.

Although free chlorine is a more effective disinfectant against more pathogens than monochloramine, concern over possible long term health effects from disinfection byproducts (DPB's) that form in the reaction of chlorine with organic materials is beginning to limit its use.

I still haven't seen a report that definitively proves that DPB's cause cancer or reproductive problems in humans. If somone has, please forward me a copy. As a country we've been chlorinating drinking water for over 100 years. During that time mortality rates have fallen, the population has boomed, even after factoring out immigration. If properly chlorinated drinking water was that dangerous wouldn't we have known that by now?

When it comes to public safety it's good to be cautious. But wholesale changes in drinking water disinfection shouldn't be made until we know the changes will be more effective than our current proven course of action.

On balance, suspected possible long term health problems don't outweigh the known harm of immediately life threatening pathogens that can occur in untreated or ineffecively treated water. I couldn't live with myself if my 4 and 6 year old grandsons died from PAM because they were just goofing around while taking a bath in "pure and natural" water, or water that potentially, might possibly, be found to cause problems in the future.

Would I like pure and natural water in my house? No thanks, pass me the chlorine, and make it free please.

This is a commonly asked question, as is “when do I need to recalibrate my analyzer?”

 The FX-CL series amperometric chlorine residual analyzer is designed to operate continuously, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The system requires little routine maintenance other than changing the vinegar buffering agent bottle as it becomes depleted and occasional calibration checks.  

 As part of a standard quality control procedure, we recommend the analyzer readings be verified using an accurate chlorine residual test instrument once every 7 days. In many applications, using a portable DPD colorimetric residual analyzer for routine calibration checks is sufficient to meet reporting requirements. For the utmost precision or in critical applications we recommend comparison with an amperometric titrator.

Calibration is typically done on an as needed basis, or at the minimum frequency specified by regulatory requirements. Barring any changes to the process or analyzer, the analyzer should be calibrated at least once per year.

You Need to Calibrate When:

If any of the following situations occur you should first verify residual measurements, make any required corrective measures, and recalibrate the analyzer.

• If readings are not within ± 0.1 mg/L or ± 15% of a routine grab sample measurement.

• If there is a change in sample flow rate to the analyzer.

• If readings gradually drift up or down and there have been no apparent changes to the process.

• If readings suddenly or unexpectedly change by a large amount. (NOTE: if the residual drops dramatically or to zero, first make sure you have sample flowing into the measuring cell, as evidenced by a discharge from the left drain under the measuring cell).

• If the analyzer has been off line long enough to discolor or oxidize the copper negative cell.

• If there is a change in the sample or if the analyzer is sampling a different source.

• If the measuring range is changed.

• After performing maintenance.

Calibration Guidelines:

You cannot simply enter calibration values with the analyzer running dry, with values that you expect to see, or with values from previous calibrations.

Calibration is always performed using water from your process.

Always set the zero point first.

When calibrating the zero point you must use dechlorinated process water, not distilled or deionized water.

Allow the measuring cell time to stabilize after switching water sources during calibration.

The standard, or span calibration value should be determined at about half of the analyzer's operating range.

Allow the measuring cell to stabilize to the process for 2-24 hours upon initial startup, after returning an offline analyzer to service, or after replacing the negative cell.

As mentioned in a previous post, Foxcroft assisted in providing a water meter test bench to the City of Ambato, Ecuador last September.

In January of 2012 we and representatives of the MARS Company, the test bench manufacturer, were pleased to visit and provide start up assistance for the system delivered just after Christmas.

The process started when officials with EP-EMAPA, the Municipal Drinking Water and Wastewater Company of Ambato, estimated the city was losing about $1 million dollars per year in drinking water revenue between meter tampering and inaccurate water meters.

Management decided the first step was to address the most widespread issue, questionable meter accuracy. Rather than continue past practices, he believed the city would be best served by conducting its own meter testing and upgrading to the latest technology built to meet AWWA recommendations and NIST Handbook 44 specifications.

Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineer Max Pico chose the MARS Model 5-1000, an automatic double row bench that can test up to (10) meters 5/8" through 1" in one row, and up to (5) 1-1/2" through 2" meters in the second row with 1/10 of 1% repeatable accuracy using the gravimetric method. The system included a 500 gallon stainless steel tank and a 10 gal / 100 gallon duplex stainless steel tank. The system was provided and installed by our partner Amimechanical S.A of Quito, Ecuador.

Engineer Max Pico, left, at the MARS Co. computer control panel with a plant operator.

The test bench, which is compliant with ISO 4064 specifications, will help the city recover revenue lost to inaccurate water meters. In addition to testing the performance of their existing and newly purchased water meters, the bench will also provide valuable data to help evaluate future meter purchases.

Mars Co. president Floyd Salser with the MARS Model 5-1000 test bench in Ambato Ecuador

Since these test systems often pay for themselves in less than one year, we're looking forward to updates on how the test bench is contributing to their meter management program.

I wanted to share a good idea that can help save money on chlorine gas while protecting your personnel.

Brian Gunn, of Coastal Chlorinators in Savannah, GA has a customer who prefers dual channel chlorine gas detectors in his remote well sites instead of the typical single sensor gas detector.

The customer places one sensor inside the well house to protect personnel, and the other sensor outside at the vent, so it will alarm if the chlorinator malfunctions. With the detector's alarm relay connected to a phone dialer, officials can be notified immediately instead of being surprised during an onsite visit after a month of wasting gas.

 

Of course, the environment is also protected from a prolonged chlorine gas leak.

If you have any other "cool tricks" please feel free to share them. When it comes to water and the environment, a good idea can benefit everyone.

Foxcroft Equipment & Service was honored to participate September 29, 2011 in an international conference "Technologies for Efficient Potable Water Service"  hosted by EP-EMAPA, The Municipal Company of Potable Water and Sewage Systems of Ambato, Ecuador.

Held in the Hotel Miraflores in Ambato, the conference was attended by EMAPA of Ambato officials, water system officials, technicians, and companies from other cities, as well as Foxcroft sales manager Ray Sullivan.

Pictured L to R: Leonardo Herrera, Amimechanical, SA; Engineer Max Pico, EMAPA Chief of Electromechanical Systems; Ray Sullivan, Sales Manager Foxcroft Equipment; Engineer Rafael Maldonado, General Manager EMAPA; Galo Hinostroza, General Manager ASUBSA Aguas Subterraneas.

 

 

One objective of EMAPA for the conference was to share with other municipalities the method to improve the quantity and quality of drinking water while reducing operating costs through automated control systems. Savings allow the possibility of reinvestment in other projects to serve their customers.

Engineer Rafael Maldonado, General Manager of EMAPA, believes investment in high quality, current technology is essential to provide his customers with a reliable supply of safe drinking water in a  cost effective manner.

Foxcroft offered two presentations: the disinfection of potable water, and the Mars Company automatic water meter test bench being supplied to EMAPA of Amabato.

Engineer Max Pico, Chief of Electromechanical Systems for EMAPA presented the SCADA system recently installed by Leonardo Herrera of Amimechanical, SA; Foxcroft's representative in Ecuador. The SCADA system included equipment and instrumentation supplied by Foxcroft.

Pictured L to R: Leonardo Herrera, Amimechanical, SA; Ray Sullivan, Sales Manager Foxcroft Equipment; Victor Mendez, Technical Director, EMAPAR, City of Riobamaba; Engineer Rafael Maldonado, General Manager EMAPA.

 

In an effort to conserve water more of our customers are asking about reducing the sample flow rate into their amperometric chlorine residual analyzers.

Discussions with customers sometimes reveal that the sample flow is turned down so far that the water is draining from the sample cell in drops or a trickle.

There are two major problems this causes:

1. The gold positive electrode can be damaged. Water flowing through the sample cell cools the electrode. Without sufficient flow the electrode overheats, deforms, and stops functioning properly.

2. You will get unreliable readings with any amperometric chlorine residual analyzer if a minimum consistent flow isn't maintained because chlorine is consumed at the electrode and must be replaced.

Also bear in mind that to measure the same residual as your process it's important to send the sample to the analyzer as quickly as possible, especially when using the analyzer to control chlorine feed.

To see how the recommended flow from the (left) measuring cell drain should look please check out the video below. A blue "PA Rural Water" pen is placed next to the drain for size reference.

You may notice the overflow from the drain on the right is less than the drain from the measuring cell on the left. That's OK, maintaining the measuring cell drain flow is more important.

For those who prefer numbers, the recommended sample flow into a standard analyzer is 500 ml/min. The minimum sample flow into a standard analyzer is 250 ml/min. The minimum flow rate from the measuring cell drain is 130ml/min.

If you must minimize water usage we recommend using the FX-1000P-RM flow rotometer. With this unit you bypass the overflow weir and feed the sample into the measuring cell. By using the FX-1000P-RM's pressure and flow control, flow into the analyzer can be reduced to 2-1/2 to 3 GPH (157 to 189 ml/min).

Flow consistency is just as important as flow rate. Amperometric chlorine analyzers are flow sensitive. If you reduce the flow to your analyzer and make no other changes to your system the residual will decrease as well.

So if you decide to reduce the flow to your analyzer, don't set it below the minimum recommended flow rate and don't forget to recalibrate!

 

Are you really sure you want someone to change the setting in a toxic gas detector that determines whether you're notified of a hydrogen sulfide or chlorine gas leak?

At first glance field adjustable settings may seem like a great feature; flexible, modular and easy to do too. But be careful, it may be too easy.

I Can Be Dangerous; and, Stuff Happens

If I'm responsible for the safety of others, I don't want a guy like me to have the ability to change alarm levels. I'm cautious and careful, but occasionally I transpose numbers, or may skip a step in a procedure due to any number of things that are happening on a bad day. That's a dangerous combination with a gas detector.

Beside simple human error, other risks with field adjustment include deliberate tampering, and even worse, settings made by authorized personel with good intentions who don't have a full understanding of a system or instrument.

Things can go wrong so easily and in so many different ways, especially with complex systems. I marvel at how the unlikeliest, once in a life time sequence of events can somehow come together to cause a tragedy. For these reasons and more, you need to minimize the potential for error or malfunction in your gas detector.

You Need Backup

It's important to remember how dangerous these gases are and to be aware of how the body responds to them. Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Overexposure symptoms can be mistaken for food poisoning or the flu. A victim can slip into unconsciousness and away without ever realizing what happened. Our ability to smell some gases can be diminished by prolonged or excessive exposure.

Keep It Simple

Our approach to gas detection at Foxcroft incorporates the KISS principle, Keep It Simple Stupid, coined by engineer Kelly Johnson of Lockheed Martin.

Even though Foxcroft toxic gas detectors include the finest gas sensors available, we've chosen not to provide field adjustable settings or or risk transmission interference with wireless sensors. We've avoided a high level of complexity in operation, installation and calibration to minimize the potential for error.

While we offer "non-standard" operating ranges and custom alarm levels upon request for applications not related to personal safety, we don't make them field adjustable.

Remember what you're trying to do

With more features being developed through rapidly changing technology, we need to remember the purpose of toxic gas detectors: accurate, reliable gas detection and notification, all the time.

Before committing to a detector with adjustable alarm levels or any other "advanced features", determine if they're truly needed for your circumstances or the application. If so, does the detector include a means to prevent improper alarm settings or other human generated errors?  In any event, develop a gas detector protocol that includes plenty of checks and balances.

To maximize your margin of safety, keep it simple to minimize the number of things that can possibly go wrong. The gases you're working with may not give you a second chance. 

 Occasionally we encounter flow reduction or blockage in chlorine analyzers monitoring certain groundwater sources.

We examined this problem at a well station in our area that chlorinates and monitors ground water. The water drawn from the sample tap, unlike aerated "white water", was initially clear with some microbubbles of dissolved oxygen or gases.

These microbubbles decompressed and expanded into clusters of larger bubbles to restrict the orifice in the analyzer flow cell. The blockage would trigger a low chlorine alarm and require extra attention from the operators to remain in compliance.

In our research we found that bubble traps or bubble eliminators can provide mixed results in some applications; so we decided to  prevent bubbles from developing within the analyzer.

Our FX-1000P Rotometer keeps the sample pressurized through the flow cell orifice until it reaches the measuring cell. Since the residual is determined almost instantly, the sample overflows to waste before bubbles have time to enlarge and cause problems. 

The controlled flow also eliminates the need to recalibrate due to flow rate changes, which simplifies consistent, accurate chlorine residual measurement. It's easy to install and includes a pressure regulator with gauge.

 

So why does our model FX-CLv2 residual chlorine analyzer use ordinary distilled white vinegar and what does it mean for you?

1. It Optimizes Chlorine Residual Readings 

A true on-line, amperometric, chlorine residual analyzer requires a pH buffer to bring the sample pH down to a range where optimum free chlorine residuals can be accurately measured, ideally 4.0 to 4.5 pH.

Any amperometric chlorine residual analyzer that claims buffers are not required uses either a pH buffered electrolyte in the  probe, or makes an electronically simulated pH compensation (which is not a true chlorine residual reading).

The vinegar reduces the pH in the sampling cell, which provides the current potential needed to measure chlorine residuals accurately. Through dissociation, chlorine will be in the measurable form of   hypochlorous acid rather than in its ionic state that can't be measured.

2. DPD Is Toxic, Vinegar Is Better For Our Water & Your Budget

Toxic DPD discharged to waste from one colorimetric chlorine analyzer may not seem like much; until we consider the thousands of colorimeters in service throughout the country.

The impact of toxic DPD discharge is being examined. Minimizing the use of toxic reagents could become even more important as water reuse and recycling increases.

Our contribution is to use a buffer solution, or reagent, that we all consume regularly in various foods. Distilled white vinegar is a food product, and as such doesn't require special haz mat permits or disposal, which is good for your budget and our environment.

3. Do The Math, It's Less Costly

Some chlorine analyzers require expensive, proprietary pH buffer solutions or reagents. In most parts of the country distilled white vinegar costs less than $2.50 per gallon. This means the monthly  reagent cost for an FX-1000P measuring free chlorine is roughly the same price as a large pizza with extra toppings.

4. Cleanliness Is Next To Godliness

This proverb traditionally refers to personal hygiene, but it also applies to the measuring cell of our chlorine analyzer. The vinegar enhances the action of the cleaning balls in the measuring cell. It works to dissolve grease, iron, manganese, dirt and other solids. Cleanliness provides more accurate readings. It also prevents the electrodes from becoming insulated by precipitates or contaminants.

5. In A Pinch It's Readily Available

It seems like things usually break or run out after normal business hours. If your Foxcroft chlorine analyzer runs out of buffer solution at 8 PM Friday night you don't need to take grab samples over the weekend. You can pick up more "buffer solution" at a 24 hour grocery store, convenience store, or in a pinch, from your own kitchen.

"If there's a hole in a sodium hypochlorite truck, the liquid spills on the ground and there's no big toxic cloud. It's what they call an inherently safe technology."

 I read this in an article recently published by The Times-Picayune about the New Orleans Sewerage and Water Board’s plan to switch from using chlorine gas to sodium hypochlorite as its primary disinfectant. The goal is to reduce the risk of a catastrophic chlorine gas leak in neighborhoods surrounding the plant due to either railroad tankcar accidents or terrorist acts.

Risk reduction, especially for densely populated areas, is a smart move.

But statements like this about sodium hypochlorite, commonly referred to as bleach, just make me cringe.

 

False sense of security surrounding bleach

I feel uneasy because customers have told me that bleach is safe. I’ve read proclamations that the risk of a chlorine gas leak has been eliminated by switching from chlorine gas to bleach.

It’s not. And it hasn’t.

 

Bleach contains chlorine, treat it with the respect you give chlorine gas

This isn’t about bashing sodium hypochlorite; we need it to keep our water safe to drink. The point is it contains chlorine and needs to be treated with the respect it deserves; the same respect which is given to elemental chlorine gas.

 

The statistics don’t lie; you still need a gas detector

Given the number of reported incidents of chlorine gas exposure caused by accidentally mixing sodium hypochlorite and acid, we always recommend that a bleach storage area should include a chlorine gas leak detector. It not only helps protect personnel and equipment, it can also help demonstrate that everything possible was done to limit the consequences of an accident.

 

Sodium hypochlorite can produce the same chlorine gas that's being eliminated

Sodium hypochlorite’s properties and characteristics require careful consideration to ensure disinfection of the process water and safe usage through proper equipment selection, maintenance, and handling.

• Sodium hypochlorite degrades over time, which reduces the amount of available chlorine for disinfection and produces undesirable byproducts.
• Combining bleach with acids can release elemental chlorine gas, the same stuff that’s being eliminated by many treatment plants.
•  Sodium hypochlorite can be explosive if mixed with many organic compounds, including petroleum products such as oils, fuels and grease.  Other toxic and flammable gases can be generated by improper mixing with other chemicals under certain conditions. 
•  Under certain conditions, sodium hypochlorite that has dried on rags or clothes can spontaneously combust. Higher concentrations that dry in heated conditions, such as around pump seals, can become ignitable or explosive on impact.¹

 

 Be Informed

There are numerous other hazards that users need to consider for safe operation. The Chlorine Institute has a wealth of knowledge regarding chlorine and sodium hypochlorite, including free brochures available for download. If you use bleach, we urge you to check it out here.

A switch from chlorine gas to bleach can reduce the magnitude of a chlorine gas leak. At the same time it switches the type of risks, which requires care to ensure the liquid is used as safely as possible.

I look forward to hearing your view on the subject.

 

References

1. White’s Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants, 5^th Edition, Black & Vetch Corporation, Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010, P 463